Change in the Reigning Royalty of Britain - 1048 Words

The death of Queen Elizabeth I, one of England’s longest reigning queens, left some English people grief stricken at the loss of their monarch while others were more focused on the need to name her successor. Because of a familial connection James Stuart, a relative of Queen Elizabeth, acceded the throne on March 24th, 1603. With his installation, James became king of not only England but Scotland and Ireland as well. James’ reign would begin a period which would spawn three civil wars and result in the execution of an English king. Problems arose quickly in the new administration of James. For example, each of the newly united countries embraced a different religion which caused conflicts. In addition, Scotland and Ireland had turbulent histories with England which caused tensions throughout the entire reign of James I. James’ successor, his son, Charles I, inherited the unrest which had plagued his fathers reign. In 1642, an English Civil War broke out pitting Charles against a group called the Roundheads, who opposed his quest for absolute power and the divine right to rule. The confrontation lasted until 1649, when Charles I was executed, and a new ruler Charles’s son Charles II, was crowned. Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen, was one of England’s most celebrated monarchs and reigned in England for forty-five years. Elizabeth never married and did not produce an heir, therefore the question of who would rule England after her death was aShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Queen Victorias Death on Australia1268 Words   |  6 PagesQueen Victorias Death Queen Victorias reign, lasted 63 years, from 1837 to 1901. She ascended the throne of Great Britain, when she was 18. Despite being the Queen of Britain, and a very influential and prominent person, she also had an impact on Australian history. In Australia the most apparent legacy of Queen Victorias reign is manifested in the names of the two states, Victoria and Queensland. There are also a large number of other important buildings and places, named in her honor suchRead MoreQueen Victoria and Her Influence on British Society Essay1752 Words   |  8 Pagesconstitutional monarchy. Government policies (laws) were made by the lawmakers and Prime Minister of Parliament, who were elected by the people. Because of the Industrial Revolution, the British experienced rapid progression in technology. This change was enjoyed by some, while others felt threatened. (4) Victoria made her subjects feel secure by assuring them she was there to lead. 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Renaissance literally means rebirth. It refers especially to the rebirth of learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century, spread to the north, including England, by the sixteenth century, and ended in the north in theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe great majority of both international and domestic immigrants in the modern era, and that in 2005 became the place of residence for the majority of the world’s human population for the first time in history. He gives considerable attention to changes in city planning, patterns of urban growth, and important differences between industrialized Europe and North America and the developing world, as well as the contrasts in urban design and living conditions between different sorts of politicalRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesresponsibility Culture Competitive strategy Strategic options: directions Corporate-level strategy International strategy Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategic options: methods Strategy evaluation Strategic management process Organising Resourcing Managing change Strategic leadership Strategy in practice Public sector/not-for-proï ¬ t management Small business strategy ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€" 

Network Security Threats for ASDI - 1242 Words

New and Rapidly Advancing Threats One of the biggest threats to network security in 2014 is the end of support for the Windows XP operating system (OS). On April 8th 2014, Microsoft will discontinue support for the aging OS. What this means for users of Windows XP is that as new vulnerabilities and exploits are discovered, they will not be fixed – the vulnerabilities will only continue to grow. For any business environment that is still using Windows XP beyond April 8th, the machines running the OS will become the organization’s biggest security flaw. It is highly likely that hackers are holding back on using known zero-day exploits for Windows XP until after April 8th because they know that beyond that date, the exploit will not be†¦show more content†¦An exploit kit such as Blackhole can pose a threat to ASDI in two ways. The first threat is to the one hundred workstations. These workstations could potentially fall victim to a driveby download if they are use d to visit a compromised website. The other way ASDI could be harmed by an exploit kit is if one or both of its web servers become compromised, and an exploit kit is installed, the servers would then install malicious software on the company’s customer’s computers when they visit the site. Countermeasures and Prevention In order to ensure that ASDI’s network is as secure as it can be, it is important to ensure that the logical structure is appropriate to facilitate a secure network. The company’s two web servers need to be sectioned off from the internal subnets. This is best accomplished through the use of a demilitarized zone (DMZ), which places a firewall between the web servers and the intranet, and another firewall between the web servers and the Internet. If the outer firewall is breached, the web servers may become compromised, but the intranet would still be protected by an additional firewall. The student workstations should reside on a student subnet which has no connectivity to the employee subnet. The employee and student subnets will each have a file server connected, and the company’s email server will be connected to the employee subnet. There are already two WiFi access points (AP) at ASDI – one will be

Compare and Contrast Egypt and Mesopotamia free essay sample

Egypt And Mesopotamia Although the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations paved the way modern civilizations, they have more differences that are illustrated in the areas of military, agriculture society, and government types. Egypt spent most of its history as a unified monarchy, whereas Mesopotamia seems to have begun as a collection of city-states (known as Sumeria) and continued to be dominated by a pair of mutually hostile powers: Assyria and Babylon. As a result, Mesopotamias history is significantly more conflict-based than that of Egypt, because Mesopotamia was only united when conquered by a major empire (Egyptian under Thutmose III or Chaldean/Neo-Babylonian under Nabopolassar)However, On the subject of war and armies, the Egyptian army was more effective for longer than its Mesopotamian counterparts, but it was Assyria, an innovative Mesopotamian power, that had the greatest impact on warfare (and indeed the surrounding region), even though its successes were largely limited to the last three centuries of its existence. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast Egypt and Mesopotamia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both Egypt and Mesopotamia were occupied by agricultural societies relying upon irrigation for crop yield. In Egypt, the Nile River overflowed its banks annually, depositing rich natural fertilizing elements that enabled Egyptians to grow wheat and barley, often providing a surplus. While the yearly rise of the Nile in Egypt was predictable, this was not the case in Mesopotamia. As a result, Mesopotamian cultures had to develop a system of canals to control flooding and redistribute the water over a greater area because the floods were unpredictable. Both countries also had a hot, dry climate and fertile soil, good for supporting large populations. Politically, Mesopotamia culture created compact self-governing political units (the city-states). By the third millennium B. C. E. the concept of king developed, possibly because of increased quarrels over resources. The power of religious leaders was undermined by the increase of the kings power. And although the kings took over control of temples, Mesopotamian kings did not claim divine power. Political changes occurred in Mesopotamia because of the succession of people that followed the initial Sumerian people who established their temporary political dominance. The longest dynastic rule in Mesopotamian history is that of Sargon I that lasted but 150 years. By 1750 B. C. E. Hammurabis Code, the written law or code of King Hammurabi, was used to maintain political authority and continuity. In sharp contrast is the continuity of political history in ancient Egypt. The legendary King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt into one nation that lasted with continuity of culture from 3,100-1070 B. C. E. with thirty dynasties. Unlike Mesopotamian kings, the Egyptian king was represented as Horus and as the son of Re. As Egypt’s chief priest, he intervened with the gods on behalf of his people and land. No written law or code was developed in Egypt. Egypt was substantially more self-sufficient than Mesopotamia with copper and turquoise deposits in the Sinai desert to the east and gold from Nubia to the south were within reach. The pharaoh governed the country through a large but efficient bureaucracy. Egypt and Mesopotamia are among the oldest civilizations recognized today and when compared Egypt stands out as the greater civilization. However, though they differ greatly, their reliance on rivers, arid climate, and establishment of great civilizations demonstrate their few but significant similarities.

William James free essay sample

The influence of pragmatism declined during the first two thirds of the twentieth century, but it has undergone a revival since the 1 sass with philosophers being increasingly willing to use the writings and ideas of the classical pragmatists, and also a number of thinkers, such as Richard Rotor, Hilary Putnam and Robert Brandon developing philosophical views that present later stages of the pragmatist tradition. The core of pragmatism was the pragmatist maxim, a rule for clarifying the contents of hypotheses by tracing their practical consequences.In the work of Price and James, the most influential application of the pragmatist maxim was to the concept of truth. But the pragmatists have also tended to share a distinctive epistemological outlook, a fallibility anti-Cartesian approach to the norms that govern inquiry. *Philosophical tradition that interprets truth in terms of the practical effects of what is believed and, in particular, the usefulness of these effects. We will write a custom essay sample on William James or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The philosophy that the truth of an idea is dependent on its workability; ideas or principles is true so far as they work. A practical, matter- of-fact way of approaching or assessing situations or of solving problems. Using, experimenting, and/or acting on a given idea in certain circumstances; whatever these results are, these are to be considered the whole of what one knows of that idea Charles Sanders Price (1839-1914) He is the founder of pragmatism He formulated a method of looking at reality; discerning what is true and what is false. What he needed was a theory of MEANING. William James (1842-1910), He further advanced Pierces Theory of Truth The world came to know pragmatism in a systematic way because of him.Dewey one of the primary figures associated with philosophy pragmatism and is considered one of the founders of functional psychology. His article, The development of American pragmatism, who gives one of the most lucid and thorough accounts of its historical founding as well to some of its core principles (Dewey, 1925/1984). Examples The creation of the US Constitution; King John signing t he Magna Cart at his barons sword-point; Rome granting citizenship to the cities of Italy; generalGrant trading casualties he could afford with Lee, who could not; the treaty ending the Mexican War; Lincoln whole term Of office; Indian rulers who sided with the British raja; Imperial Chinese recruitment of the latest batch out of Mongolia to fight the next batch coming out; Bismarck of Prussia creating a social welfare program to steal the issue from the Left; William of Orange accepting the British crown with parliamentary conditions; Fidel Castro turning to the Soviets to protect him from the US; Horopito of Japan deciding surrender wasnt such a bad idea after all; the Brats giving Canada independence rather than see the US eventually take it; Truman firing MacArthur rather than risk expansion of the Korean war; the French and British deciding not to fight at Fashion; most of the Indians backing the French against the British and then the British against the American colonists. *Philosophical tradition that interprets truth in terms of the practical effects of what is believed and, in particular, the usefulness of these effects.The philosophy that the truth of an idea is dependent on its workability; ideas or principles is true so far as they work. A practical, matter-of-fact way of approaching or assessing situations or of solving problems. Using, experimenting, and/or acting on a given idea in certain circumstances; Charles Sanders Price (1839-1914) He is the founder of Pragmatism He and thorough accounts of its historical founding as well to some Of its core ending the Mexican War; Lincoln whole term of office; Indian rulers who approaching or assessing situations or of solving problems. Using, world came to know pragmatism in a systematic Way because of him. Of what is believed and, in particular, the usefulness Of these effects.The social welfare program to steal the Issue from the Left; William of Orange ruining to the Soviets to protect him from the LOS; Horopito Of Japan deciding ragtime First published Sat Gauge 16, 2008 Sanders Price (1839-1914), William James (1842-1910) and John Dewey philosophers being increasingly willing to use the writings and ideas Of the represent later stages of the pragmatist trade action. The core of pragmatism govern inquiry. Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that includes those who claim that an ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily, that the meaning of a proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of accepting It, and that unpractical ideas are to be rejected. A reasonable and logical way of doing things or of the inking about problems that is based on dealing with specific situations instead of on ideas and theories n American movement in philosophy founded by C. S.Price and William James and marked by the doctrines that the meaning of conceptions is to be sought in their practical bearings, that the function of thought is to guide action, and that truth is preeminently to be tested by the practical consequences of belief Pragmatism emerged from mid-nineteenth-century American philosophy. The lassie proponents of pragmatism were Charles Sanders Price (1839-1914), William James (1842-1910), John Dewey (1859-1952), and George Herbert Mead (1863-1931), and it is Dewey, in his article, The development of American pragmatism, who gives one of the most lucid and thorough accounts Of its historical founding as well to some Of its core principles (Dewey, 1925/1984). William James free essay sample A study of the life and works of William James, the founder of what we call psychology today. This paper introduces James and explores his early personal life. It proceeds to examine his early researches and studies and shows how these are used today as the basis of psychology and philosophy studies. It looks at some of his disciples who grew to be the biggest names in these fields Sigmund Freud and Karl Jung amongst others. Several of James writings are studied. William James was a prominent psychologist and philosopher in the early 20th century. Presently, James work is outdated, but only in the sense that Galileos or Darwins work is outdated. Both Darwin and Galileo were originators in their respective fields. Their work served as a basis for many incredible discoveries and innovations in the modern world. The work of James, too, serves as a foundation for modern science. We will write a custom essay sample on William James or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He is one of the founders of what we currently call psychology and philosophy today (Significance and Influence, 2002).

American Civil Liberties Union Essays - , Term Papers

American Civil Liberties Union American Civil Liberties Union The American Civil Liberties Union is an organization which takes on the issues of concern to the American public and any violations of their rights, or liberties, including discrimination. I turned to their web site for information regarding their activity. The following information is from the summary of their work in 1999. Although it's two years old, I feel it paints an accurate picture of the ACLU, their work, and what they stand for. Teen Mothers in National Honor Society In the spring of 1998, two 18 year old teen mothers were barred from admission into the National Honor Society(NHS) based on the fact that they'd had premarital sex. The selection committee blatantly disregarded the fact that these two girls were highly qualified for induction into the NHS. At this point the ACLU's Women's Rights Project filed a discrimination lawsuit, and the following May the girls were inducted into the society. Abortion The ACLU, which is a pro-choice organization, filed a legal challenge through it's Reproductive Freedom Project concerning New Jersey's Parental Notification Act. The act requires minors to obtain either parental consent or a court order before getting an abortion. The ACLU feels that this law will do more harm than good. They believe that most teens considering abortion have already involved their parents in their decision; and that the ones who haven't have done so for a reason. In a similar situation, the House of Representatives passed a bill making a criminal out of anyone other than a parent taking a minor across state lines to obtain an abortion. The ACLU feels that this bill will once again do more harm than good, by dissuading girls from getting help from someone they trust. Adoption By Gay/Lesbian Couples The ACLU's Lesbian and Gay Rights Project is challenging Florida's ban on gay and lesbian adoptions, citing the 2,000 foster children without homes. In addition, the ACLU is also challenging regulations in both Utah and Arkansas banning adoptions and foster care by gay men and lesbians. Similarly, the Supreme Court in Mississippi denied a gay father custody of his child due to his sexual orientation, leaving the child in a violent home. The Supreme Courts in Alabama and North Carolina upheld decisions denying gay and lesbian parents custody of their children as well. Michael Adams, Associate Director of the ACLU's Lesbian and Gay Rights Project: Good parenting has nothing to do with sexual orientation. Rather, it is influenced most profoundly by a parent's ability to create a loving and nurturing home--an ability that does not depend on whether a parent is gay or straight. Religion in Public Schools/Towns A Wiccan in Republic, Missouri had to quit her job at the local newspaper due to an editorial she wrote denouncing the city's use of the ichthus, a Christian symbol, in the city's logo. Due to a challenge filed by the ACLU, the courts found that the seal gives the impression that non-Christians are outsiders, and the Constitution protects against such discrimination. The ACLU feels that separation of church and state is critical due to situations such as this. The Governor of Kansas, along with a statewide committee of scientists, denounced the idea of 'creation-science' being implemented into public school science curriculum. Kansas officials wanted to remove nearly all mention of evolution from the science curriculum and allow schools to instead use religious-based theories. The ACLU saw this as a clearly unconstitutional attempt to introduce religious standpoints in the classroom. The American Civil Liberties Union is an organization that is there to help the people and give them a voice. They stand up for the minority as well as the majority when they feel an injustice has taken place. Whether one agrees or not with the views of the ACLU, and the causes they promote, it's main goal is to support those people and groups deemed in need. The ACLU has had much success in achieving their goal and will continue to do so as long as there is discrimination and injustice in our country. Social Issues

Romanticism Art essays

RIW1 Neoclassism/Romanticism Art essays The period of Neoclassical art began in the 18th century and overlapped with the 18th century Age of Enlightenment. The Neoclassical art period continued on into the 19th century. The Neoclassical art period embraced stylistic characteristics and often resembled art from the ancient Greco-Roman society. Neoclassical art was grandiose, poised, and very self-controlled. This period held a belief that society was too reckless, playful, and indulgent. The period sought to provide society with past virtues, ethics, and morality. The period of Romanticism began around the 1770s and continued until the second half of the 19th century. The period of Romanticism conflicted with the Age of Enlightenment and the Neoclassical art period in the 18th century. Self-Consciousness was a key element to the period of Romanticism. Romanticism evolved from myth and symbolism while embracing nature. Romantics were unsure about the world around them and many became socially involved while seeking involvement in politics as a result. Many others became socially detached. Artists during the period of Romanticism expressed their views with emotion, often taking public stands and expressing these emotions through their writings and art. The artists of this period felt the middle-class did not understand them and were indifferent to their values and The artists of the Neoclassical period were often viewed as having a higher social class than the artists of the period of Romanticism. The artists during the Neoclassical period did not seek to arouse emotions and were cautious. Artists of the period of Romanticism were the opposite. They sought to stir emotions of society and create more individualism and spontaneity. They ...

Voice-overs and Flashback in Film Noir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Voice-overs and Flashback in Film Noir - Essay Example One of the stylistic features common to many noir films is the use of extraordinary narrative devices like voice-overs and flashback sequences. These structural elements are included to underscore or otherwise complement thematic elements of the film. Flashbacks too became an effective medium of remembering and recreating the past, another significant activity in psychoanalytic practice. Apart from the psychological dimension, voice-overs could also be used to emphasize the eerie or dark tone of noir films. With the right tone, the narratorial voice could easily intensify the feeling of doom and generally dark settings of the typical noir film. Flashbacks were also useful in creating suspense or experimenting with the narrative flow, allowing for creative use of plot. This paper will seek to further explore the role played by these two specific stylistic devices with reference to three films: Double Indemnity (1944), The Big Sleep (1946) and D.O.A (1950). Double Indemnity has a simil ar opening to D.O.A with the film starting in medias res to reveal a harassed-looking William Neff enter his office room and begin recording his ‘confession’ addressed to Keyes on his Dictaphone.. The confession triggers off the flashback which presumably will explain the events that lead up to the murder that Neff has just confessed to. Interestingly, just a few minutes into this flashback and the confession of Neff also appears as a voice-over superimposed over the past retelling of events. This film employs both devices then, to build-up its atmosphere. The first of the flashbacks serves to describe what can already be seen on the screen, but with added detail like how the room smelled and how the sunlight made the dust visible. More importantly, it allows access to Neff’s mind and his initial impressions of Phyllis Dietrichson. This voice-over and the next also let the audience know the level of engagement with the crime that Neff had at the beginning and how the plan to murder Dietrichson is initiated entirely by his wife. However, the voice-over that marks the return of the narrative from the past back into the present, with Neff still at the Dictaphone, reveals to the audience that Neff too had been thinking about committing murder since as an insurance agent he believes: ‘In this business you can’t sleep for trying to figure out all the tricks they could pull on you.’ Other than tell us about who did what in the murder plot, the voice-overs also give us significant insight into the criminal’s mind – in this case, Walter Neff’s. As said in the introduction, this was a period of great faith in Freudian psychoanalysis and the idea of exploring one’s sub-conscious was quite popular. The Dictaphone-taped ‘confession’ acts as catharsis for expunging guilt. This is especially evident when Walter says that although he knew everything had gone off perfectly he still felt that it co uld all go wrong. He claims to not be able to hear his own footsteps; that he was walking like a ‘dead man.’ This is a classic instance of the psychoanalytic notion of guilt becoming the driving force behind a person’s actions and being the ultimate reason for that person to give himself or herself up. The Big Sleep does not use either voiceovers or flashbacks but there are several silences in the plot where Marlowe is seen tailing or waiting for action to happen, which act as narrative ‘fillers’. Insights into Marlowe’s psyche are not spoken or recounted as clearly as in Double Indemnity but as Marlowe’s character is sketched out to be hard-boiled but honest, what he says in sincerity can be taken by the audience to be true. For instance,

M2A1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M2A1 - Essay Example Dr. Samuelson, the founder and CEO of CardioFIb should accept investment from Greenhouse or not and Rudernman, the co-founder of Greenhouse should continue with this investment offer to CardioFib. These two key questions will be answered based on in depth analysis of the case study. Trends in venture capital Venture capital business is very much essential for today’s aspiring entrepreneurs for giving lives to their innovative ideas and insights. This business acts as catalyst for the any innovative innovations and risk associated entrepreneurship. It creates job opportunities, stimulates economic growth of a country or global economic growth and recovery. The venture capital industry has been undergoing in substantial transition. It is termed as rightsizing. The leading global players in this industry have been shrinking due to poor return on investment and decrease of potential new entrepreneurship to asking capital for venture. This industry enjoyed a substantial growth rate in pre dot com bubble era. The transition has been underway in quite slow motion due to frequent economic downturn in global economy. Still, the venture capital firms with wide market presence have been enjoying good return (Pearce & Haemming, 2012, p.1). Greenhouse relative to trends in venture capital Greenhouse was established at the time of global tech bubble. It missed out the pre era growth phase of this industry. The company business model is a single industry specific which is healthcare industry. Though the business operates with a narrow customer segment, but it had comparatively better opportunity and growth potentiality. The company achieved successful completion of $12 million fund raising within one and half year of establishment. Therefore, the fund raising potential of the company is very strong as it did it within an era economic slowdown in global economy due to tech bubble. Therefore, by comparing the business trend of the company with industry, it can be said th e company had developed a strong partner network to operate actively and to serve its target segment. Positioning of Greenhouse relative to venture capital industry The case describes the position of the company in early stage of 20th century and its first two years of its establishment. The company has very quickly developed potential partner network to raise fund to be ready to serve its target segment. It achieved more than its initial goal which developed considering the economic condition. But as a venture specialist for a specific and steady industry of healthcare instrument business, it was able to show quite attractive and noticeable business model to its investment network partners. The company developed its short goals by considering environmental factors to make a strong foothold in the venture capital industry. Greenhouse target "deals" relative to Greenhouse resources, relative competitive position and advantages The company has set target or business goals with a deter mination. It desired to less prediction of cash availability, accept funding after in depth scrutiny of Target Company with high consideration of crunch downs. The company also concentrated on fewer deals with comparatively stronger competition from premier deals. It can reduce the future risk of return on lower investment. It also expected few financing after initial funding to be ready next potential funding. Pros and cons for participating

Edgar Allen Poe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Edgar Allen Poe - Essay Example Montresor presents himself as an honorable man from a high social class. He tells that his family has deep roots, that "the Montresors, were a great and numerous family" (Poe, n.d.). To add significance of his social position, he tells the motto of his family which is "Nemo me impune lacessit" Poe. N.d.). Montresor presents himself as a good-natured man who does everything to protect his dignity. This is in itself perhaps not the most exalted of literary ambitions, though it is remarkably difficult for an author to avoid crossing the boundary from the terrifying to the merely laughable. It seems that Montresor has a perfect breeding and tries to prove his position protecting his good name. Montresor presents himself as a judge who condemns his friend Fortunato to death. Taking into account his appearance and costume, it is evident that his representation of himself does not coincide with his true nature. Poe depicts him in black silk mask which symbolizes evil nature of Montresor: "thus speaking, Fortunato possessed himself of my arm; and putting on a mask of black silk and drawing a roquelaire closely about my person, I suffered him to hurry me to my palazzo" (Poe. N.d.). Montresor tries to persuade readers and himself that the death of Fortunato is the only possible way to avenge. Poe depicts that the character of Montresor does not show remorse for his thoughts and plans trying to kill his friend. Poe underlines that the experienced world in this sense is a human creation, the product of the activity of the mind, Montresor's personality. Montresor explains that: "I must not only punish but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong" (Poe, n.d.). Poe's secure grasp of the subtleties of his environment is evident, but it is far more than a mere transcription of particulars. For while deploying descriptive detail in the conventional realistic way to build up a rich and convincing impression of the murder and the world he creates, Poe uses realism. Montresor himself shows only a desire to be alone. This suggests that Montresor's view of his own cruelty is a fearful one, that he is terrified and disgusted by it. "The clues are part of the larger "system" or "demonstration" motif of the story: Montresor, the diabolical rationalist, systematically demonstrates again and again that the arriviste, Fortunato, does not know, cannot distinguish" (Bloom, 1987, p 55). The plan of getting revenge consists of several stages in order to avoid suspicion and possible punishment. The date of the revenge has been carefully thought. Carnival is a time when people (servants) do not care much about their duties. For this reason, Montresor sends the servants away to the celebration. Montresor knows that Fortunato admires good wine and for this reason he ensnares him proposing to taste Amontillado. Montresor tells Fortunato "You have been imposed upon. And as for Luchresi, he cannot distinguish Sherry from Amontillado" (Poe. N.d.). this base flattery helps Montresor to pursued his victim to join him and drink little wine. The next step planed by Montresor is to astonish his victim. "The Amontillado!" ejaculated my friend, not yet recovered from his astonishment" (Poe, n.d.). After these words, Montresor

Systematic Review of the Mental Health Review Tribunal

Systematic Review of the Mental Health Review Tribunal A Systematic Review of the Mental Health Review Tribunal: Processes, Roles and Impact 1. What is the Mental Health Review Tribunal? The Mental Health Review Tribunal is a collection of independent judicial bodies that aim to review the cases of suitable applicant patients who have been appropriately detained under the Mental Health Act 1983[1]. Following strict guidelines and statutory criteria for discharge, collectively, members of the tribunal have the power to direct the discharge of applicant patients who satisfy the relevant discharge criteria. According to the official website of the tribunal (Mental Health Review Tribunal[2]), its other principal powers are: To recommend leave of absence from employment or school as appropriate To recommend supervised discharge To recommend transfer to other hospital or relevant health care professional To issue directions regarding procedural matters To reconvene if any of their recommendations from a past Tribunal hearing is not complied with In general, the Mental Health Review Tribunal serves as a safeguard against wrongful admission or unwarrantedly long detention (Wood, 1993[3]). As such, they give detained patients access to an effective appeal mechanism in order to ensure, as far as possible, legal protection of their liberty. All this is carried out in accordance with the Human Acts Right. There are five Tribunal offices in the United Kingdom (Mental Health Act 1983; Memorandum on Part V[4]). Each region in England is operated under a separate MHRT and a separate Tribunal covers the whole of the country of Wales. Accordingly, there are five Tribunal offices that provide administrative support to the respective MHRTs. The MHRT operates under the provisions of the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules 1983 (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1983[5]). The powers and duties of the Tribunals are as set out by the Mental Act 1983, subsequently amended in the ensuing policy document, the Mental Health (Patients in Community) Act 1995. The actual Tribunal process usually takes place in the hospital where the applicant patient is being retained, and is usually held in private, unless otherwise agreed by the patient in question and the members of the Tribunal. The actual processes and review procedures of the Tribunal are defined in the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules 1983 (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1983); similarly, this has also been amended to a more current version. Tribunal procedures and deliberations should always be carried out in accordance with the principles of the statutory instrument and the principles in which the other subgroups operate when considering Definitions, Guardianship and the Mental Health Commission under the Mental Health Act. These include: Non-discrimination Equality Respect for diversity Reciprocity Participation Respect for carers Least restrictive alternative and informality Respect for rights All patients that have been detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 or that are eligible for guardianship or supervised post-discharge care have the fundamental right to appeal, i.e. to apply for a review by submitting an application to the Mental Health Review Tribunal, within the specified time limits as specified in the Mental Health Act. Furthermore, in order to ensure regular reviews of all cases, if the patient fails to make such an application the Tribunal, the appropriate body or personnel is obliged to make a referral of the case to the appropriate regional Tribunal. The party responsible for making this mandatory referral differs for various patients and depends on the restriction status of the patient (discussed further in section on types of patients): In the case of restricted patients, it is the responsibility of the Secretary of State for Justice to refer the case to the Tribunal In the case of non restricted patients, the onus falls on the hospital managers In a review of Representing the mentally ill and handicapped (Gostin and Rassaby, 1980[6]), the authors who are incidentally representatives of the National Association for Mental Health (MIND), highlights the unmet need for legal representation for applicant patients at Tribunal hearings of over 20,000 patients annually. However, as pointed out by John Hamilton (1980)[7] of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 90% of these patients are, in fact, on short term detention orders and remain as informal patients after the expiry of the said order. In fact, a great majority of patients are compulsorily detained only for very short period of times and (from 72 hours to 28 days) and may not be eligible for a review process during that limited amount of time (Rollins, 1980[8]). As a result, the informal status of the applicant patient is very important because most of the hospitalised mental health patients in England and Wales are informal (Andoh, 2000[9]). Thus applying one safeguard provid ed in the Mental Health Act 1983, less than 10% of mental health patients who are compulsorily detained have a statutory right of appeal from an independent Mental Health Review Tribunal. In Gostin’s replying correspondence (1980[10]), he revisits the Percy Commission, and emphasises the glaring discrepancies in expected and actual rates of Tribunal hearings. According to Gostin (1980), the Percy Commission envisioned that there would be approximately 8000 ­ – 9000 Tribunal hearing every year. However, in reality, there norm is a figure of about 750, with the maximum ever annual rate being 1515 hearings. As a consequence, most Tribunal members hear only one or two cases each year and thus do not have the opportunity to garner experience and familiarity with a diverse breadth of cases that would have been beneficial to improve future judgements. In the past two decades though, there has been a major increase in the number of applicants to the Tribunals (Crossley, 2004[11]). In fact, as reported by Blumenthal and Wessely in 1994[12], applications to the Tribunal rose dramatically in the 10 years between 1983 and 1993, with the figure approaching 10,000, i.e. almost a three-fold increase since 1984 and costing approximately 12 million pounds ( £). 2. Mental Health Legislation Mental health legislation in the Commonwealth countries is changing in some common law jurisdictions (Carney 2007[13]). There is an increasing debate on whether it is, in fact, a health or legal issue and certain schools of thought question the need for special legislation in the present day. There is controversy over the non-therapeutic nature of criminal law, especially in its sentencing and penological aspects; can the inherent workings of law ever be adjusted to incorporate the perspective of therapeutic jurisprudence (McGuire, 2000[14])? Furthermore, some critics also question the beneficial role of Tribunals or legal adjudication of the detention requirements. The very fact that the term ‘detention’ is used to describe the process of admission of these often vulnerable patients is probably evidence of the need for legal contribution. As mental health patients are frequently prone to violence and can be considered a risk to the public and themselves, it is evident t hat both disciplines of health and the law need to collaborate to achieve optimal long-term management of this population. 2.1 The Mental Health Act 1983 The Mental Health Act 1983 provides legislative guidance for the compulsory ambulatory assessment, care and treatment (i.e. the overall management in hospital) of patients with a mental disorder. In the Mental Health Act document mental disorder is defined as â€Å"mental illness, arrested or incomplete development of mind, psychopathic disorder and any other disorder or disability of mind†. As an amendment from the Mental Health Act 1959, the 1983 policy document requires that in order for a patient to fall within the criteria for ‘severe mental impairment’ or ‘mental impairment’, the patient in question has to be associated with abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible behaviour (Singh, 1984[15]). This definition excludes an appreciable amount of severely impaired or impaired mental health patients that are neither ‘abnormally aggressive’ nor ‘seriously irresponsible’, and thus these equally vulnerable patients rema in unprotected under the amended Mental Health Act 1983. Thus it would appear that the definitions of, under the Mental Health Act 1959, of severe mental subnormality and mental subnormality would be more considerate and fair towards such patients, as it certainly encompassed in the definition the vulnerability of this mental health patient population (Singh, 1984). In part, the Act states that, ‘severe subnormality being of such a nature or degree that the patient is incapable of living an independent life or of guarding himself against serious exploitation or will be incapable when of an age to do so, and in the case of mental subnormality of a nature or degree which requires or is susceptible to medical treatment or other special care or training of the patients’. Thus the recommendations outlined herein in this document apply not only to patients suffering from ‘more violent mental disorders’, but also vulnerable patients who may find it difficult to express their various needs, or who in some extreme, cases, may not even recognise that they need specialist help. It has been proposed that mental health should be given the same priority as physical health (Kmietowicz, 2005[16]). Application of the 1983 Act should also take into consideration exclusions from the definition of ‘mental health’, as set out in Section 1 (3) of the Act. This section of the policy document states that a person should not be treated under the provisions of the Act, if they are suffering from mental disorder purely by reason of promiscuity, other moral conduct, sexual deviance or substance misuse, including dependence on alcohol or drugs. However, the Act recognises that such behavioural problems as listed above may be accompanied by, or assoc iated with, mental disorder, and as such should be overlooked in its entirety. Real life experience apparently shows that the Act is usually fully implemented with appropriate communication and collaboration between the various disciplines involved (Ourashi and Shaw, 2008[17]). A recent of judicial practice and assessment of risk to the public in detained individuals, based on Sections 37/41 of the Act, showed that, in addition to the primary need to protect the public, an additional and almost equally important intention was to ensure compliance with both after-care services and medication. In the study sample, which was made of 12 judges from crown courts in England, it was found that restriction orders were rarely made contrary to the recommendations of the affiliated medical practitioner. It is worthy of note to consider that the recent Mental Health Act of 2007 have introduced some important modifications to core recommendations and standard roles and responsibilities of mental health practitioners (Kousoulou, 2008[18]). These amendments perhaps gain even more importance when we consider the revolutions that have occurred in psychiatry since the original Mental Health Act 1983 was implemented. Of particular importance, is the notion in 1983, that there was no link between mental illness and violence which has now since been proved invalid (Monahan 1992[19]). From October this year (2008), the Mental Health Act 2007 will be fully implemented in the procedures associated with the Mental Health Review Tribunals. 2.2 The Mental Health Act 2007 Amendments to the 1983 Mental Health Act policy document in the Mental Health Act 2007, which are directly related to any aspect of process of the Mental Health Review Tribunal and outlined topline below (Office of Public Sector Information, 2007[20]): Removal of categories of mental disorder: the key definition of ‘mental disorder’ is amended from that which is outlined in Section 1 (2) of the 1983 Act. For the definition of ‘mental disorder’ and mentally disordered’, substitute ‘mental disorder’ means any disorder or disability of the mind; and ‘mentally disordered’ shall be construed accordingly’. In addition the following statements are omitted in the recent amended version: Those of ‘severe mental impairment’ and ‘severely mentally impaired’ Those of ‘mental impairment’ and ‘mentally impaired’ That of ‘psychopathic disorder’ Amendments to the section on the Mental Health Review Tribunal include specific issues related to: Patients absent without leave Duty of hospital managers to refer cases to the Tribunal Power to reduce periods under Section 68 Restriction orders: in relation to restricted patients Conditionally discharged patients subject to limitation directions 2.3 The importance of making the right decision There have been reported cases of mental health patients who commit suicide within a mere 12 months of contact with mental health services. For example, in a national clinical survey that was carried out in England and Wales, over 2,000 mentally impaired suicide victims had had previous contact with mental healthy services in the year before (Appleby et al, 1999[21]). A review by mental health teams concluded that suicide could have been prevented in more than 20% of these cases. In conclusion, the researchers made logical recommendations for suicide prevention measures in mental health services, including strategies to improve compliance and sustain contact with the appropriate mental health services. In addition, there is also the additional threat to the innocent people of the public. The perceived threat of mentally disordered patients, who have been released from detention, to the public has been explored severally (Norris, 1984[22]; Buchanan, 1998[23]; Jamieson and Taylor, 2002[24]). In fact, several years ago, in New Zealand, there was a controversial case of a mental health patient who committed murder six hours after being released from detention (Zinn, 2003[25]). Interestingly, the said patient was found not guilty of the murder by reason of mental illness. Furthermore, the patient was awarded compensation of the value of  £300,000 after he sued the health authority for failing to detain him as an involuntary patient under the Mental Health Act. As such, it is evident that there are many incentives here for ensuring that the right intervention is applied to the right patient. 3. Members of the Tribunal: The Relevant Stakeholders Essential members who must be present at each Tribunal hearing are (Mental Health Review Tribunals website) include: The regional chairmen A legal member A medical member, and A lay member For each geographic region, the Lord Chancellor makes appointments and decides who sits on the different panels. For the other members other than the legal member (i.e. the medical and lay members), the Secretary of State for Health, for cases in England, and the Secretary of State for Wales, for cases in Wales, are also consulted in the decision making process. Each member has a specific and individual role in the co-ordination of the Tribunal hearing. In addition to the essential Tribunal members outlined above, there are other stakeholders involved in the long-term process of the review process. These could be private non-governmental organisations, such as the National Association for Mental Health (MIND). Whether these members are salaried or not is usually discretionary, but the norm is that there is no salary payable, but that members receive an attendance fee and travel and subsistence allowance. On the contrary, the Tribunal chairman is a salaried role. 3.1 Role of the regional chairman A regional chairman is appointed for each of the two Tribunal regions in England: the North Region and the South Region, which are conveniently based in Manchester and London, respectively. The roles of the regional chairman of the Tribunal are multi-factorial and include (Mental Health Review Tribunals website): The regional chairman appoints specific members to particular Tribunal hearings The regional chairman has the responsibility of ensuring that all the statutory requirements are complied with, making judicial decisions and giving necessary direction a timely and fair decision is reached in each and every case The regional member is also responsible for organising training for the members of the Tribunal to ensure that all members have the updated skills and knowledge that would be necessary to effectively carry out their individual roles It is the role of the regional member to oversee the appraisal mentoring scheme of the members of the Tribunal, thus highlighting training needs (see point above) to continually improve the review process The onus also falls upon the regional chairman to handle any complaints about the conduct of any members of the Tribunal, or to refer the case to higher authorities if warranted 3.2 Role of the legal member The legal member, more often than not, presides over the Tribunal hearings. Legal members of the Tribunal are usually elected or appointed on the basis of their specific expertise in the particular area of jurisdiction (Ferres, 2007[26]). They are required to â€Å"have such legal experience, as the Lord Chancellor considers suitable† (Department for Constitutional Affairs, DCA[27]). In addition, interpersonal skills and a good understanding of the health system are crucial as fundamental qualifications of the Tribunal legal member. The official website of the Mental Health Review Tribunal provides relevant specific information on the requirements of becoming a legal member and outlines the roles of the legal members as: The legal member acts as President of the Tribunal. Revisiting the primary role of the MHRT, which is to review the legality of the applicant patient’s detention in hospital and to direct the discharge of those to whom the statutory discharge criteria apply; and to safeguard the patient’s fundamental human right to be free from unjustified hospital detention (Richardson and Machin, 1999[28]), it is evident that this process is essential a legal one. It is thus only logical that the Tribunal be presided over by a member of the legal profession. In addition, the legal member of the Tribunal has the responsibility to ensure that the proceedings of the review process are carried out in a fair and balanced manner. The legal member is also responsible for ensuring that the legal requirements of the Mental Health Act are properly observed The legal member of the Tribunal also has the role of advising and addressing any questions of law which may arise before the hearing, during the hearing and during the deliberation discussions with the other members of the Tribunal In collaboration with the medical member and the lay member of the Tribunal, the legal member is also responsible for drafting the reasons for the reached decision, and for endorsing the record of the agreed decision One of the major that the legal members of the Tribunal face is the danger that the medical member could dominate what must essentially be a legal process (Peay, 1989[29]). 3.3 Role of the medical member As stated above, a medical practitioner is one of the necessary members of the Tribunal and their role, though clearly invaluable, is fraught with opposing views from the multidisciplinary stakeholders in the field. In 2000, Gibson[30] proposed that the role of the medical member was introduced in the 1959 Act to make the process of medical notes review less arduous â€Å"without ruffling medical feathers†. However, according to Prins (2000[31]), the origin of the required disciplines to sit in Tribunal hearings is much more complex than that, as there were conflicting views that arose during the parliamentary debates leading up to the 1959 Act, as to who was best suited to make that all-important decision regarding the patients’ release or continued detention. It is worthy of note, here, that in those early legislative days, the commonplace law was one which involved a purely judicial decision, which probably explains the disinclination to acknowledge the need for a me dical aspect in the decision making process. The medical member could be the patient’s treating psychiatrist, a nurse or any other member of the mental health team. According to the Mental Health Review Tribunal website (Mental Health Review Tribunal), the medical member is customarily a consultant psychiatrist with several years of extensive experience who is able to advise other members of the Tribunal on any relevant medical matters that should be taken into consideration in the patient’s review. There is evidence that the dual role that is expected of medical practitioners on the Tribunal is a potential barrier to having the fairly balanced and effective hearing that is the main objective of the review or appeal process. As with the legal member and all other members of the Tribunal board, interpersonal skills and a good understanding of the relevant health system are important for all Tribunal members (Ferres, 2007). In addition to this fundamental criterion, Ferres (2007) emphasises the dilemma that is brought upon the medical member as a direct consequence of his/her role as a medical practitioner and a sitting as part of the Tribunal. According to the official website of the Mental Health Review Tribunal (Mental Health Review Tribunal), the basic roles of the medical member of the Tribunal can be categorised as outlined below: Medical role: this member is required to carry out an examination of the patient before the hearing and, in so doing, make any necessary interventions – or simply make any necessary steps – that could potentially aid the decision making process in forming an opinion of the patient’s mental health condition. This is clearly in accordance with Rule 11 of the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1983), which requires the medical member of the Tribunal to â€Å"at any time before the hearing†¦examine the patient and take such other steps as he (or she) considers necessary to form an opinion of the patient’s mental condition†. Judicial role: the medical member, together with the other members of the Tribunal, have a judicial responsibility to decide the patient’s fate, in terms of if the patient could still represent a danger to self or others and should thus remain in detention, or if the patient is suitably fit to be released into the public domain. Researchers in the past have shown that the duality of their roles on the Tribunal need not lead to knowledge bias, which could cause a flawed opinion (Langley 1990[32]; Brockman B; 1993[33]). However, in drastic contradiction to this, some more recent opinions expressed by critical schools of thought believe that the dual nature of the expected medical member’s role is a possible barrier to open-mindedness (Gibson, 2000; Richardson and Machin, 2000[34]). The, somewhat logical, fear is that doctors’ judicial opinions of patients’ eligibility for release would undoubtedly be swayed by findings from their preliminary observations and assessments. Apparently, for the review process to be carried out fairly, medical members of the Tribunal should strive to make their decisions based only on reports, evidence and witness and patient reports that presented to them during the Tribunal hearing. As such, any details divulged by the patient prior to the Tribunal hearing sh ould not be considered as evidence and must not be taken into account. Similar to this notion, the Law Reform Committee, in 1967, recommended that a doctor should not be compelled to give evidence of issues that he may have had access to with the patient that have no bearing on the patient’s mental or physical health (Law Reform Committee, 1967[35]). Putting it logically, general human nature may well be a barrier to such sentiments. Having conducted an examination of the applicant patient, and presumably consequently forming a clinical opinion, the medical member of the Tribunal is expected to morph into a decision making member to attend the review hearing. As the Council of Tribunals have very aptly described it, the medical member is â€Å"effectively a witness and a member of the Tribunal, deciding the validity of his own evidence† (Council on Tribunals, 1983, paragraph 322[36]). The unanswered question, thus, is: how can the medical member be expected to detach his previous medical knowledge of the said patient from evidence that is presented in the Tribunal and remain objective in his opinions and, if this distinction is necessary, does the inherent benefit of the preliminary assessment then become invalid? These questions also corroborate the idea of the protection of the doctor’s professional confidence una voidably conflicting with the interest of justice (No authors listed, 1967[37]). However, in his correspondence to the editor of the British Journal of Psychiatry, Gibson (2000) stresses the inherent advantages of the preliminary examination prior to the Tribunal hearing. The main benefits are outlined below: The preliminary examination session gives the medical member a chance to review the applicant patients’ clinical notes which may contain crucial data and clinical findings that are omitted from the reports The preliminary examination session also prepares the medical member to ask the most appropriate questions at the hearing, thus ensuring that the benefits of the review process is optimised Furthermore, Gibson (2000) has suggested that, in order to eliminate the potential prejudice that could accrue from the preliminary assessment and the associated disadvantage of the often time consuming nature, that the applicant patients’ notes should be made available to all of the Tribunal members in the half hour before the Tribunal hearing is scheduled to take place, thus dispensing with the need for the historical preliminary examination. The limitations of this proposal, as succinctly put forward by Prins (2000) are two fold: As we all know from our practical clinical experience, in many cases, medical notes are too voluminous and complex to do a proper review in half an hour. In some cases, it would take days to form an understanding of the contents of such files. Also, the feasibility of medical notes review by all members of the Tribunal is doubtful. Without a certain degree of medical expertise, it would be near impossible for the two non-medical members of the Tribunal to comprehend the contents of the applicant’s patients’ medical notes. This would then necessitate the additional step of medical interpretation for the benefit of these members, leading to longer duration of the review process, and thus, increased costs and burden on the health system. 3.4 Role of the lay member According to the official Mental Health Review Tribunal website, the lay member of the Tribunal serves to provide some form of balance to the Tribunal as a representative of the community outside the dominating, and often clashing, legal and medical professions. Normally lay members would have a background or practical experience of working in the health and welfare field in the National Health Service, voluntary organisations or private health sector. The lay member may also be experienced in social services on administration (Lodge, 2005[38]). 4. Other stakeholders involved in the Mental Health Review Tribunal 4.1 Legal representation for the mental health patient In addition to the legal member of the board, legal representation is usually advised for the patient. A legal representative can be useful to explain the law to the patient and help to protect his or her best interests (Mental Health Review Tribunal website). As a matter of circumstances, the mental health patient’s handicap or mental illness, coupled with the possible effects of having been institutionalised and various antipsychotic medications, make self-advocacy invariably difficult (Gostin, 1980). These patients do, however, have the right to choose to represent themselves; nevertheless, this option is not advisable. Furthermore, Larry Gostin of the National Association for Mental Health (MIND), in London, goes on to convincingly justify the need for legal representation for the mental health patient. Patients who attend the Tribunal without legal representation are frequently denied access to the full reasons for his confinement and subsequent decision, and medical and social reports pertaining to his or her case may be withheld from the patient as confidential (Gostin, 1980). When a legal representative is involved and present during the hearing, he or she is party to all relevant documents and can share the information with the client (in this case, the mental health patient). Another even more important advantage of having legal representation is the ability of such a legal professional to examine provision in the community for housing, care and support. Thus as highlighted above, the benefit of legal representation for the mental health patient in the Tribunal cannot be overemphasised. This calls to question the ethics of the preliminary examination session, during which the vulnerable mental health patient is examined by the medical member of the Tribunal towards forming an opinion of his or her ment

The Unbearable Lightness of Being - It is Better to Carry a Heavy Load

The Unbearable Lightness of Being - It is Better to Carry a Heavy Load "Is it better to carry a heavy load on your shoulders, or cope with the unbearable lightness of being?" Phillip Kaufman coupled brilliant film techniques with wonderful acting to put together the film The Unbearable Lightness of Being based off of Milan Kundera's novel of the same title. The film is set in Prague during the spring of 1968. At this time the Russians are still trying to exercise their communist control over Czechoslovakia, and Prague is a city filled with political uprisings and violent outbursts from the Czech people. Within the movie and the plot, Kaufman and Kundera want to help us answer the question, "is it better to carry a heavy load on your shoulders, or cope with the unbearable lightness of being?" The answer comes to us through watching the love triangle that is built around Sabina, Tereza, and Tomas. Sabina is our example of the individual who would rather cope with the unbearable lightness of being than deal with all of the maladies of everyday life. Tereza on the other hand fully accepts the world around her, whether it is pleasant or not. The movie uses the ir artwork, their concern for political issues, and their relationships with Thomas to contrast Sabina and Tereza. Sabina represents the individual who would rather ignore reality and cope with the wonderful delusion that replaces it. Her relationship with Tomas is the first example we are presented of Sabina's inclination to avoid the truth. In the beginning of the film Tomas is shown to be what we would call a player. The very first scene of the film is of him leaving his doctoral responsibilities to join one of his nurses in the doctors' quarters to have sex. It ... ...mas and choice to carry the burden was the better choice being as that Tomas chose to stay with her than with Sabina. In the end, when the couple is removed from the city and they live in their own little isolated world, we see the extent of their happiness. In the very last scene of the movie, Tomas and Tereza look at each other, and each confesses that they are completely happy. Their happiness is an affirmation that it is better to carry a heavy load on your shoulders than to cope with the unbearable lightness of being. All you have to do is hope that one day the load gets lighter as it did for Tomas and Tereza. Work Cited Kundera, Milan. The Unbearable Lightness of Being: A Lover's Story. Trans. Henry Michael Hiem. New York: Harper, 1984. Work Consulted Banerjee, Maria Nemcova. Terminal Paradox: The Novels of Milan Kundera. New York: Grove, 1990.

Can Different Temperature Effect the Cell Membrane

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Aim Hypothesis Material Method Results Discussion Conclusion? Abstract The aim of this experiment was to see whether different temperatures will affect the cell membrane, thus would then releases the purple pigments out of the vacuole which causes the leakage of the purplish liquid.? Background Information The outermost layer is the cell wall, which is present only in plant cells and is made up of a carbohydrate called cellulose and also has other protein substances embedded within it.The cell wall is a rigid layer and gives structural stability to the cell and also limits the permeability of large substances into and out of the cell. Within the cell wall, surrounding the cytoplasm is the cell membrane which is a semi-permeable membrane consisting of a phospholipid bilayer. The bilayer consists of phospholipids which arrange themselves so that the hydrophobic (‘water hating’) tails are shielded from the surrounding water. The heads of the molecules are hydrophilic (‘water loving’) and face the water.Overall, the cell membrane acts to selectively allow substances to move into and out of the cell and maintains the cell potential. Proteins within the membrane act as molecular signals allowing the cells to communicate with each other and other substances outside the cell. About 70% of the cell membrane is actually protein. The cytoplasm of the cell has a number of organelles, although there is one in particular that the vacuole. Vacuoles act to store food for the plant and also assist in structural stability of the plant along with the cell wall.The vacuoles in plant cells are normally larger than those found in animal cells and contain a fluid called, cell sap. This fluid is rich in nutrients and other substances and is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast, separating it from the cytoplasm. The tonoplast is similar in composition to the cell membrane. Biological pigments, also known as pigm ents or biochromes are substances produced by living organisms that have a colour resulting from the selective colour absorption. The pigments in beetroot are betalain pigments; they are located in the vacuole of the cell.They are named after the Beet family of plants, but are also found in fungi. In the petals they are thought to attract pollinating insects and may be present in seeds/fruits to encourage birds to eat them and so spreading around the seeds. When a beetroot in heated, it tampers with the cell membranes. A membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer. These are formed because the phospholipids that make it up have a hydrophilic (‘water loving’) head and a hydrophobic (‘water hating’) tail. The tails pack together, exposing only the heads to the water.This is the phospholipid bilayer. The beetroot pigment is used commercially as food dye. It changes colour when heated so can only be used in ice-cream, sweets and other confectionary, but it is bo th cheap and has no known allergic side-effects. Aim To investigate whether different temperatures can damage and denature the plasma cell surface membrane of beetroot cells. This would then release the beetroot pigments out of the vacuole which causes the leakage of the purplish liquid. Hypothesis Beetroot in hotter water will release its pigments more than beetroot in cooler water.The hotter water should break more vacuoles containing the pigments which will make the water appear to be more purple. Meanwhile the colder water will still have pigments throughout the water, and therefore will be scarcer. Materials -x6 Test Tube -x1 Chopping Board -x1 Serrated Knife -x1 Corer -x6 Skewers -x2 Beetroot -x3 Test Tube Rack -x1 Wooden Test Tube Holders -x1 Bunsen Burner -x1 Match Box -x1 Cork Mat Method 1. Use the corer to get equal cylindrical pieces of beetroot 2. Cut pieces to same size if they are unequal 3. Skewer the beetroot through the middle . Rinse the skewers of beetroot 5. Fill the test tubes to half way with water 6. Place beetroot skewers into test tube and test tubes into test tube holder. Cold 1. Put in fridge and freezer 2. Remove after chosen time, and record your observations. Hot 1. Put over a hot flame and a purple flame 2. Remove after chosen time, and record your observations Results TemperatureColour of WaterColour of Beetroot Room Temperature: 23Â °C Rich and Dense PurpleDeep Red Not visible through water Fridge: 10Â °C Partially reddish purpleHot Pink Freezer:-9Â °CVery light pink barely any change in the colourVery deep red Blue Flame: 100Â °C A deep, rich redNormal purple colour Discussion Beetroot in hotter water will release its pigments more than beetroot in cooler water. The hotter water should break more vacuoles containing the pigments which will make the water appear to be more purple. Meanwhile the colder water will still have pigments throughout the water, and therefore will be scarcer. The hypothesis was supported by the resu lts as the beetroot in the hotter water did release more pigments than the beetroot in the colder water.Some problems that came to attention were the exact sizes of the beetroot pieces could not be made the exact same size. Even though cutting them side by side of each other did make them look similar, the sizes were off still. The experiment as brought sight to what can happen when a fruit or vegetable or flower is heated in water will do. The water colouring process will accelerate more than twice as fast and that could provide big opportunities in some companies. A flaw in the experimental design was that attention wasn’t given to the material of test tubes that were used.A glass test tube was used for the beetroot that was frozen in the freezer; while in fact a plastic test tube should have been used because the glass test tube could not flex to the expansion of the water in the test tube and so resulting it to crack. Conclusion In conclusion, the hypothesis was supported as the beetroot’s pigments were release more in the hot water more than the cold water did. The hotter water made the beetroot cell vacuoles to burst, releasing the pigments, thus colouring the water.

The Complete List of Historically Black Colleges (Updated)

The Complete List of Historically Black Colleges (Updated) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have existed since Cheyney University in Pennsylvania was founded in 1837. Many well-known scholars, entrepreneurs, and entertainers have graduated from HBCUs, including Toni Morrison, Sean Combs, Thurgood Marshall, Martin Luther King, Jr., Taraji Henson, and Oprah Winfrey. Are you considering joining their ranks? This post will explaineverythingyou should know when deciding whether to attend an HBCU. In this article, I'll do the following: Define a historically black college Provide facts about HBCUs Detail possible pros and cons of attending an HBCU Give you the complete list of historically black colleges Advise you how to research HBCUs and other colleges Feature Image Credit: Adam Fagen/Flickr What Is a Historically Black College? A historically black college and university is defined in Title III of the Higher Education Act of 1965 as a school of higher learning that was accredited and established before 1964 and whose principal mission was the education of African-Americans. Today, HBCUs enroll mostly African-American students, but a full quarter of HBCUs across the US have at least a 20% non-Black student body. HBCU Facts There are public, private, and religious HBCUs. There are 2-year and 4-year HBCUs. HBCUs have â…› the size of endowments of predominantly white institutions. More than 75% of students at HBCUs are awarded Pell Grants. HBCUs are responsible for 22% of bachelor’s degrees awarded to African-Americans. According to the Network Journal, 40% of black members of Congress, 40% of black engineers, and 80% of black judges graduated from HBCUs. Pros and Cons of Attending an HBCU Tarica Chambliss, my dear friend whom I met when we lived in the same freshman dorm at Stanford, helped me with this section of the article by writing about the pros and cons of attending an HBCU. Tarica is uniquely qualified to advise students about the merits of an HBCU education because she attended both an HBCU and a PWI (predominantly white institution) during her undergraduate years. She graduated from Stanford and spent three years there, but she spent her junior year at HBCU Howard University in Washington DC. Furthermore, she also went to law school at Howard. Here are Tarica's opinions about the benefitsand drawbacksof attending an HBCU. Benefits of an HBCU Let's start with the pros of an HBCU education. Lower Tuition The average tuition at an HBCU tends to be lower than tuition at many PWIs. At a PWI with larger resources, you may be more likely to receive a scholarship to help out with (or even fully cover) your tuition. But if you don't receive a scholarship, going to an HBCU may be a good idea because the overall tuition cost is likely to be significantly lower. This will help you exit college with lower debt. Nurturing Professors Oftentimes at HBCUs the professors may be more accessible and more invested in your future than is the case at other schools. Studies have shown that when it comes to more technical majors and programs (ie. the sciences, pre-med programs, or engineering), students have a higher chance of sticking with these majors at HBCUs than they do at other colleges. This is perhaps because daily they see examples of African-Americans who have successfully completed these rigorous programs and end up having more opportunities for mentorship. In fact, many have advised that African-American students who are interested in science or other technical programs should at least get their undergraduate degrees from HBCUs because they will be more likely to actually become doctors or engineers if they have that foundation. Not Being Called On to Be a Representative At an HBCU, you're not the minority in your classes, so you're not called upon to represent the minority perspective. Whereas at PWIs, if an issue that is thought to disproportionately affect African-Americans comes up in class, you are often called upon to serve as the â€Å"expert† or to give the "African-American perspective." This can at times become annoying (you're there to learn, not teach), so it's nice to be in class at an HBCU where these types of issues do not come up because many of the students already share your experience. Cons And now for the negative aspects of attending an HBCU. Fewer Financial Resources The difference in resources between an HBCU and other schools can at times be stark. HBCUs have smaller endowments and less monetary alumni support to draw from so their resources are often not as robust as those of PWIs. This often results in the facilities not being as modern or sophisticated as those of many PWIs. Administrative Challenges Generally, the administration at HBCUs is notoriously inefficient. I definitely ended up waiting in much longer lines at my HBCU than I did at my PWIand often ended up waiting longer for checks to be disbursed. Again, this may be due to differences in resources (which naturally lead to staffing differences), but it was extremely stressful at times. Less Camaraderie At HBCUs, there can be less unity among the African-American students because the majority of students are African-American. At a PWI, the African-American students tend to band together and have more of a sense of camaraderie and mutual support. At my PWI, almost all of the African-American students knew each other (and to this day I am still friends with many of them). Most PWIs have a Black Student Union or other groups aimed at fostering unity and sense of family among African-American students. These groups are not as prominent at HBCUs because obviously the schools are predominantly African-American. My Additions I just wanted to add a few things I learned from my research and from friends and former students who attended HBCUs. A common criticism of HBCUs is that they lack diversity. While most HBCUs are predominantly African-American, there are often students from every different socioeconomic class, geographic region, and from many different countries.Keep in mind, though, that the level of diversity is different for each HBCU. Remember that not all HBCUs are the same. Employers and graduate school representatives tend to recruit from HBCUs in an effort to increase diversity in their companies and in higher education. Finally, many African-American students feel increased confidence and pride in their African-American identities by being around so many African-American college students and by being in classes that more often incorporate the African-American experience. The Complete List of Historically Black Colleges For this list, I only included accredited 4-year colleges. Most of these schools are in the South, but there areHBCUs in 20 states, Washington DC, and the Virgin Islands. Public universities are in bold. The acceptance rates and percentage of African-American students were reported by the schools for the previous academic year. Alabama School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Alabama A M University 51% 95% Alabama State University 54% 92% Concordia College-Selma 100% Not Reported Miles College 26% Not Reported Oakwood University 57% 85% Selma University 100% Not Reported Stillman College 44% 93% Talladega College 51% 89% Tuskegee University 41% 78% Arkansas School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Arkansas Baptist College 100% Not Reported Philander Smith College 52% Not Reported University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff 30% 93% California School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science 100% 32% Delaware School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Delaware State University 44% 75% District of Columbia School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Howard University 48% 91% University of the District of Columbia 93% 37% (DonkeyHotey/Flickr) Florida School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Bethune-Cookman University 64% 89% Edward Waters College 53% Not Reported Florida AM University 45% 94% Florida Memorial University 39% Not Reported Georgia School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Albany State University 47% 89% Clark Atlanta University 85% 87% Fort Valley State University 58% 94% Morehouse College 84% 95% Paine College 44% 91% Savannah State University 78% 88% Spelman College 54% 87% Kentucky School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Kentucky State University 48% 58% Simmons College of Kentucky Not Reported Not Reported Louisiana School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Dillard University 41% Not Reported Grambling State University 44% 91% Southern University and AM College 57% 93% Southern University at New Orleans 79% Not Reported Xavier University of Louisiana 66% 70% (J. Stephen Conn/Flickr) Maryland School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Bowie State University 54% 87% Coppin State University 54% 85% Morgan State University 40% 85% University of Maryland, Eastern Shore 61% 74% Mississippi School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Alcorn State University 78% 94% Jackson State University 69% 92% Mississippi Valley State University 16% 91% Rust College 39% 96% Tougaloo College 99% 97% Missouri School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Harris-Stowe State University 100% 83% Lincoln University of Missouri 54% 49% North Carolina School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Barber-Scotia College Not Reported Not Reported Bennett College 92% Not Reported Elizabeth City State University 52% 75% Fayetteville State University 50% 66% Johnson C. Smith University 42% 80% Livingstone College 64% 88% North Carolina AT State University 58% 81% North Carolina Central University 43% 83% St. Augustine's University 74% 95% Shaw University 59% 71% Winston-Salem State University 60% 72% (J. Stephen Conn/Flickr) Ohio School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Central State University 38% 95% Wilberforce University 38% 95% Oklahoma School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Langston University 46% 89% Pennsylvania School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Cheyney University of Pennsylvania 85% 86% Lincoln University 27% 81% South Carolina School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Allen University 72% 99% Benedict College 75% 99% Claflin University 44% 92% Morris College 62% 98% South Carolina State University 85% 95% Voorhees College 50% 98% Tennessee School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans American Baptist College 51% 97% Fisk University 20% 87% Lane College 43% 100% LeMoyne-Owen College 49% 99% Tennessee State University 52% 72% Texas School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Huston-Tillotson University 46% 70% Jarvis Christian College 42% 84% Paul Quinn College 90% 85% Prairie View AM University 39% 85% Southwestern Christian College Not Reported 82% Texas College 34% 85% Texas Southern University 51% 82% Wiley College 100% Not Reported Virginia School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Hampton University 29% 94% Norfolk State University 67% 83% Virginia State University 80% 85% Virginia Union University 24% 96% Virginia University of Lynchburg 100% Not Reported West Virginia School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans Bluefield State College 38% 10% West Virginia State University 41% 12% (Jerry "Woody"/Wikimedia) Virgin Islands School Acceptance Rate % of African-Americans University of the Virgin Islands 97% 72% University of the Virgin Islands-Kingshill Not Reported Not Reported How Should You Use This List? If you’re considering attending an HBCU, you should research the colleges that interest you on the list to determine if they’re schools you should apply to or attend. There are many factors to consider to determine if a college is a good fit for you including location, selectivity, support services, and the majors offered. Look at the school’s website, and use guidebooks,college finders, and search websitesto help you in the college selection process. If possible, consult with teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni. To get a general idea of the reputations of different HBCUs, you can check out their US News rankings. Also,Big Future and College View allow you to search for HBCUs and other qualities you’re looking for in a college. Finally, you can attend an HBCU college fair or tour to learn more about specific HBCUs. What's Next? If you're worried about college costs, read about how to pay for college and how to pay for college without loans. Before you finalize your list of schools that you're going to apply to, make sure you know about reach and safety schools. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

History of the First Crossword Puzzles

History of the First Crossword Puzzles A crossword puzzle is a game of words where the player is given a hint and the number of letters. The player then fills in a grid of boxes by finding the right words. Liverpool journalist, Arthur Wynne invented the first crossword puzzle. Arthur Wynne Arthur Wynne was born on June 22, 1871, in Liverpool, England. He immigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen. He first lived in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and worked for the Pittsburgh Press newspaper. An interesting side-note was that Wynne also played violin in the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. Later, Arthur Wynne moved to Cedar Grove, New Jersey and started working for a New York City-based newspaper called the New York World. He wrote the first crossword puzzle for the New York World, published on Sunday, December 21, 1913. The editor had asked Wynne to invent a new game for the papers Sunday entertainment section. Word-Cross to Cross-Word to Crossword Arthur Wynnes first crossword puzzle was initially called word-cross and was diamond-shaped. The name later switched to cross-word, and then as a result of an accidental typo the hyphen was dropped and the name became crossword. Wynne based his crossword puzzle on a similar but much older game played in ancient Pompeii that translated from Latin to English was called Magic Squares. In Magic Squares, the player is given a group of words and has to arrange them on a grid so that the words read the same way across and down. A crossword puzzle is very similar, except instead of being given the words the player is given clues. Arthur Wynne added other innovations to the crossword puzzle. While the first puzzle was diamond-shaped, he later invented horizontal and vertical shaped puzzles; and Wynne invented the use of adding blank black squares to a crossword puzzle. The crossword puzzle in a British publication was published in Pearsons Magazine in February 1922. The first New York Times crossword was published on February 1, 1930. First Book of Crossword Puzzles According to the Guinness Book of Records, the first collection of crossword puzzles was published in the USA in 1924. Called The Cross Word Puzzle Book was the first publication by a new partnership formed by Dick Simon and Lincoln Schuster. The book, a compilation of crossword puzzles from the newspaper New York World, was an instant success and helped to establish publishing giant Simon Schuster, who continue to produce crossword books to this day. Crossword Weaver In 1997, Crossword Weaver was patented by Variety Games Inc. Crossword Weaver was the first computer software program that created crossword puzzles.

US. Energy Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

US. Energy Policy - Essay Example eaties and other incentives to investment, that aim at revamping the energy sector to make it responsive to modern day needs as well as making it sustainable for future generations (Moselle Jorge and Richard 117). The US Energy Policy is a collective responsibility of various organs at the federal, state and local authorities. These organizations have the responsibility of managing production or energy, its distribution and consumption. They also address issues such as gas mileage standards and building codes. Currently, about 85% of energy in the US comes from fossil fuels while the rest comes from Nuclear and Hydro stations. Most of the energy is used in industries, transport and domestic use. A big percentage of oil, gas and electricity imports in the US comes from Canada (Moselle, Jorge and Richard 106). The current energy policy in the US includes three Energy Policy Acts and various initiatives to promote renewable sources of energy, innovation and affordability of energy. President Obama’s administration has instituted various reforms in the energy sector that aim at reducing CO2 emissions in the atmosphere and promote sustainable energy development. The US government has over the years, proposed different initiatives as a response to different energy needs, but there still lacks an elaborate long-term energy policy. The fact that is no elaborate energy policy for the long term has elicited heated political debates with some people criticizing the government for being short cited and only responding to energy crises at the expense of preparing for the long-term challenges. There is also criticism that government energy policies in the US enacted after the oil crisis in 1973 ignore market forces and technology to provide quick fixes for emerging crises. Scholars in the US have also criticized Energy Policies for not focusing on research, innovation and entrepreneurship in the energy sector. They criticize the energy policy for focusing on short-term

English - Narrative Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English - Narrative Writing - Essay Example I then told her that I was not in the mood to go out, much more attend a party for the poor. The whole idea does not appeal to me. Jessica was insisting that it would be fun and that I will enjoy the activity. I thought to myself, why would an activity with the poor people be fun? I even asked her if there will be cute boys around. Jessica did not answer. I realized at that point that she really wanted me to come and that she felt bad that I would give so many excuses. After the brief silence on the phone, I thought I will just say yes to Jessica to make her feel good. When I agreed to come, Jessica told me that she will pick me up and we will go to the party together. The Christmas party was held in the community’s basketball court. There were lots of food on one table and another long table with numerous toys for children. Balloons, colorful trimmings and banners decorated the whole court. Christmas carols were being played in the background that gave a festive mood in the u sually drab basketball court. Looking around, I saw several children on wheelchairs, while others had crutches. In one corner was a toddler, obviously suffering from hydrocephalus, who was cradled by her mother. In the other corner of the court, I noticed a group of children who were doing sign language. They were deaf and mute. After a while, a group of blind children with canes entered the court. They were in one line and were being directed by their guide to sit on the chairs in front of the stage. Seeing all those people in the court, I approached Jessica and asked her why there were so many disabled children in the party. I thought all along it was a party for the poor. Jessica then explained to me that their parents were part of an organization which helped the disabled poor children of the community. In Jessica’s own words she said, â€Å"These are the poorest of the poor.† My heart sunk hearing those words. Yes, they were indeed the poorest of the poor. Being p oor is bad enough but being disabled at the same time is really unfortunate. Just seeing those kids made me feel so depressed. Jessica noticed the sudden change in my facial expression and she went towards the long table which contained the toys. She handed a doctor set toy and urged me to go to the boy on the wheelchair. At first, I was hesitant to go but something inside me was telling me to hand the toy over to the boy. I approached the boy and he smiled at me. He was a paraplegic and was unable to talk. I gave him the doctor set and told him, â€Å"Do you want to be a doctor when you grow up?† He nodded and grinned from ear to ear and accepted the toy. He hugged the toy as if it was his first time to receive a present. Oh, that smile! It was the most wonderful and genuine smile that I have seen. Not even the Mona Lisa can surpass that smile. I felt the joy that the little boy felt. My heart was leaping with joy. Now I know why the late Mother Teresa of Calcutta spent so m uch time with the poorest of the poor. The feeling is overwhelming that it encompasses your whole being. Suddenly, I was convinced that the saying, â€Å"It is better to give than to receive† is indeed true. Not long, the program started and in one part of the program a blind girl was asked to talk in behalf of the group of disabled children. She thanked everyone who made the event possible. Her speech was brief but very meaningful. She said that they are so blessed to have people like those in the organization who

Film Study - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Study - - Essay Example His interaction with the world will lay basis of the analysis and will portray interpersonal communication ability of the actors. The events in Hunting’s life indicate how childhood exposure may affect interactions between individuals. The mother son relation between Hunting and his mother indicates the nature at which he perceives persons of the opposite sex hence affecting his relationship with Skylar. This concept is also visible when Hunting attacks on a man who wronged him during his childhood life. The concept can be replicated in an organization setup where conflict resolution and consultation becomes important when averting a recurrence of a negative event. The ability to communicate becomes effective once a person uses it to solve complex issues. The complex nature of communication provides avenues in which individuals may approach a conflict. In Will’s situation, alternative avenues are provided for him hence behavioral therapy advised rather than years in solitaire. Hunting displays traits that result to conflict hence demining the essence of interpersonal communication. The negative emotions that Hunting displays towards a man who once assaulted him and the police officer indicate the nature in which negative emotions may escalate into a conflict and that it may affect relations between two individual. The motive of Will Hunting is to seek revenge thus ignoring the essence of dialogue and consultation as a means of resolving conflicts. Communication is a vital tool while discovering mistakes and indicating ways in which individual may journey themselves towards change. The willingness to change is evident once Hunting begins his therapy recommended to him by the professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The therapy sessions are aimed at providing Hunting with an insight on behavioral change hence acting as a tool of conflict resolution. The therapy allows will to rediscover himself through a second

Our Earth Essay Example for Free

Our Earth Essay Our earth is made up 78 percent of water, and rest of it is land. Because of this, there is ample number of living organisms in land as well as water. It has plains, plateaus, mountains, valleys, deserts, forests, grasslands, oceans, seas, rivers, lakes etc. As there are various kinds of regions on earth, every region has its own kind of wild life as well as plant life. Earth has undergone a gradual change in its environment through its years of evolution. Our earth and its diverse environment: Plateaus, plains and valleys Plateaus: A plateau is a large highland area of fairly level land separated from surrounding land by steep slopes. Some plateaus, like the plateau of Tibet, lie between mountain ranges. Others are higher than surrounding land. Plateaus are widespread, and together with enclosed basins they cover about 45 percent of the Earths land surface. Plains: plains are broad, nearly level stretches of land that have no great changes in elevation. Plains are generally lower than the land around them; they may be found along a coast or inland. Coastal plains generally rise from sea level until they meet higher landforms such as mountains or plateaus. Inland plains may be found at high altitudes. Valleys: A valley is a hollow or surface depression of the earth bounded by hills or mountains, a natural trough in the earths surface, that slopes down to a stream, lake or the ocean, formed by water and/or ice erosion. Systems of valleys extend through plains, hills, and mountains. Rivers and streams flowing through valleys drain interior land regions to the ocean. At the bottom of many valleys is fertile soil, which makes excellent farmland. Most valleys on dry land are formed by running water of streams and rivers.